Regulatory anatomy of the murine interleukin-2 gene.

We have cloned the mouse IL2 gene and sequenced 2800 bp of 5' flanking DNA. Comparison to the previously reported human sequence revealed extensive identity (approximately 86%) between the two genes from +1 to -580 with additional small islands of homology further upstream. Proximal sites which have been shown to be important in regulation of the human IL2 gene are well conserved in sequence and location. Transfection experiments using hybrid gene constructs containing varying lengths of the mouse 5' flanking DNA linked to a CAT reporter gene have demonstrated the presence of several novel positive and negative regulatory elements. One negative regulatory region lying between -750 and -1000 consists primarily of alternating purines and pyrimidines and is absent from the human gene. The conserved region from -321 and -578, an upstream segment from -1219 to -1332, and another region of approximately 450 bp from -1449 to -1890, which contained a well-conserved sequence of 60 bp, were each associated with enhanced levels of expression. We found no evidence for intragenic or downstream enhancer elements in this gene. All the elements identified affect only the magnitude of the inducible response, for no region when deleted had the effect of altering either the need for induction, the kinetics of stimulation, or the cell-type specificity of expression. Deletion studies suggest a strong requirement for NFAT binding even in the presence of extensive 5' flanking sequence. Therefore we conclude that IL2 gene expression is controlled primarily through a central TH1-specific signaling pathway, which acts through proximal elements, while distal cis-elements exert a secondary modulating effect.     

R-banding and nonisotopic in situ hybridization: precise localization of the human type II collagen gene (COL2A1)

Summary A new mapping system, based on nonisotopic in situ hybridization combined with fluorescent staining of replicated prometaphase R-bands, is described. Replication of the bands is achieved by treatment of thymidinesynchronized cells with bromodeoxyuridine. The human COL2A1 gene was mapped to band 12q13.11–q13.12 in this manner, to illustrate the potential of the technique for improving the precision of chromosomal mapping and physical ordering of genes.     

Acetyl-l-carnitine as a precursor of acetylcholine

Synthesis of [³H]acetylcholine from [³H]acetyl-l-carnitine was demonstrated in vitro by coupling the enzyme systems choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase. Likewise, both [³H] and [¹⁴C] labeled acetylcholine were produced when [³H]acetyl-l-carnitine andd-[U-¹⁴C] glucose were incubated with synaptosomal membrane preparations from rat brain. Transfer of the acetyl moiety from acetyl-l-carnitine to acetylcholine was dependent on concentration of acetyl-l-carnitine and required the presence of coenzyme A, which is normally produced as an inhibitory product of choline acetyltransferase. These results provide further evidence for a role of mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferase in facilitating transfer of acetyl groups across mitochondrial membranes, thus regulating the availability in the cytoplasm of acetyl-CoA, a substrate of choline acetyltransferase. They are also consistent with a possible utility of acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of age-related cholinergic deficits.     

A cluster of chromosome 11p13 translocations found via distinct D-D and D-D-J rearrangements of the human T cell receptor delta chain gene.

Human T cell tumours have few consistently occurring translocations which provide markers for this disease. The translocation t(11;14)(p13;q11), however, seems to be an exception, since it has been repeatedly observed in T-ALL. We have analysed a number of T-ALL samples carrying the t(11;14) with a view to assessing the nature of the translocated sequences on chromosomes 11 and 14. Three of the tumours studied have breakpoints, at 14q11, within the T cell receptor delta chain locus, while a fourth appears to break in the J alpha region. The TCR delta sequences involved in the translocation junctions are made from D delta-D delta-J delta joins or from D delta-D delta joins, allowing us to define distinct human D delta and J delta segments. These results allow us to make a comparison between the human and mouse TCR delta loci, both as regards sequence and rearrangement hierarchies. The disparate translocation breakpoints at chromosome 14q11 contrast with the marked clustering of breaks at chromosome 11p13; in all four cases, the breakpoint occurs within a region of less than 0.8 kb of chromosome 11. The analysis of junctional sequences at the 11p13 breakpoint cluster region only shows a consensus heptamer-like sequence in one out of four tumours analysed. Therefore, recombinase-mediated sequence specific recognition is not the only cause of chromosomal translocation.     

A new approach to biochemical evaluation of brain dopamine metabolism

1. Dopaminergic neurotransmission in brain is receiving increased attention because of its known involvement in Parkinson's disease and new methods for the treatment of this disorder and because of hypotheses relating several psychiatric disorders to abnormalities in brain dopaminergic systems. 2. Chemical assessment of brain dopamine metabolism has been attempted by measuring levels of its major metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, or urine. Because HVA is derived in part from dopamine formed in noradrenergic neurons, plasma levels and urinary excretion rates of HVA do not adequately reflect solely metabolism of brain dopamine. 3. Using debrisoquin, the peripheral contributions of HVA to plasma or urinary HVA can be diminished, but the extent of residual HVA formation in noradrenergic neurons is unknown. By measuring the levels of methoxy-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in plasma or of urinary norepinephrine metabolites (total MHPG in monkeys; the sum of total MHPG and vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) in humans) along with HVA, it is possible to estimate the degree of impairment by debrisoquin of HVA formation from noradrenergic neuronal dopamine and thereby better assess brain dopamine metabolism. 4. This method was applied to a monkey before and after destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway by the administration of MPTP.